Abrahms, M. (2006). Why terrorism does not work. International Security, 31(2), 42–78.
Abrahms, M. (2012). The political effectiveness of terrorism revisited. Comparative Political Studies, 45(3), 366–393.
Abrahms, M., & Potter, P. B. K. (2015). Explaining terrorism: Leadership deficits and militant group tactics. International Organization, 69(2), 311–342.
Almosawa, S. (2022, March 16). As U.S. focuses on Ukraine, Yemen starves. The Intercept.
Balcells, L. (2012). The consequences of victimization on political identities: Evidence from Spain. Politics & Society, 40(3), 309–345.
Balcells, L. (2017). Rivalry and revenge: The politics of violence during civil war. Cambridge University Press.
Balcells, L., & Stanton, J. (2021). Violence against civilians during armed conflict: Moving beyond the macro- and micro-level divide. Annual Review of Political Science, 24, 45–69.
Balcells, L., & Sullivan, C. (2018). New findings from conflict archives: An introduction and methodological framework. Journal of Peace Research, 55(2), 137–146.
Baldick, R. (1964). The siege of Paris. History Book Club.
Barma, N. H., & Goldgeier, J. (2022). How not to bridge the gap in international relations. International Affairs, 98(5), 1763–1781.
Beck, E. R. (1986). Under the bombs: The German home front, 1942–1945. University Press of Kentucky.
Beehner, L., Berti, B., & Jackson, M. T. (2017). The strategic logic of sieges in counterinsurgencies. Parameters, 47(2), 77–86.
Bell, A. M. (2016). Military culture and restraint toward civilians in war: Examining the Ugandan civil wars. Security Studies, 25(3), 488–518.
Bell, A. M. (2022). Combatant socialization and norms of restraint: Examining officer training at the U.S. Military Academy and Army ROTC. Journal of Peace Research, 59(2), 180–196.
Biddle, S. (2021). Nonstate warfare: The military methods of guerrillas, warlords, and militias. Princeton University Press.
Birtle, A. J. (1998). U.S. army counterinsurgency and contingency operations doctrine, 1860–1941. Center of Military History.
Blair, C. W. (2022). Restitution or retribution? Detainee payments and insurgent violence. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 66(7–8), 1356–1392.
Bloom, M. (2005). Dying to kill: The allure of suicide terrorism. Columbia University Press.
Bradbury, J. (1992). The medieval siege. Boydell Press.
Bulutgil, Z. H. (2016). The roots of ethnic cleansing in Europe. Cambridge University Press.
Cohen, D. K. (2016). Rape during civil war. Cornell University Press.
Condra, L., & Shapiro, J. N. (2012). Who takes the blame? The strategic effects of collateral damage. American Journal of Political Science, 56(1), 167–187.
Conway-Lanz, S. (2006). Collateral damage: Americans, noncombatant immunity, and atrocity after World War II. Routledge.
Costalli, S., & Ruggeri, A. (2015). Indignation, ideologies, and armed mobilization: Civil war in Italy, 1943–45. International Security, 40(2), 119–157.
Cunningham, K., Bakke, K., & Seymour, L. (2012). A plague of initials: Fragmentation, cohesion, and infighting in civil wars. Perspectives on Politics, 10(2), 265–283.
Daly, S. Z. (2022). Violent victors: Why bloodstained parties win postwar elections. Princeton University Press.
Davis, R. G. (1995). German rail yards and cities: U.S. bombing policy, 1944–1945. Air Power History, 42(2), 46–63.
De la Cueva. (1998). Religious persecution, anticlerical tradition, and revolution: On atrocities against the clergy during the Spanish Civil War. Journal of Contemporary History, 33(3), 355–369.
Dell, M., & Querubin, P. (2018). Nation building through foreign intervention: Evidence from discontinuities in military strategies. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133(2), 701–764.
Dixon, R. (2020, November 11). Azerbaijan’s drones owned the battlefield in Nagorno-Karabakh—And showed future of warfare. Washington Post.
Douhet, G. (1942). The command of the air (D. Ferrari, Trans.). Coward-McCann. (Original work published 1921)
Downes, A. B. (2006). Desperate times, desperate measures: The causes of civilian victimization in war. International Security, 30(4), 152–196.
Downes, A. B. (2007). Draining the sea by filling the graves: Investigating the effectiveness of indiscriminate violence as a counterinsurgency strategy. Civil Wars, 9(4), 420–444.
Downes, A. B. (2008). Targeting civilians in war. Cornell University Press.
Downes, A. B. (2012). Military culture and civilian victimization: The allied strategic bombing of Germany in World War II. In D. Rothbart, K. V. Korostelina, & M. Cherkaoui (Eds.), Civilians and modern war: Armed conflict and the ideology of violence (pp. 72–95). Routledge.
Downes, A. B. (2018). Creating a cordon sanitaire: U.S. strategic bombing and civilian victimization in the Korean War. In A. Barros & M. Thomas (Eds.), The civilianization of war: The changing civil-military divide, 1914–2014 (pp. 196–220). Cambridge University Press.
Downes, A. B. (2022, March 26). Putin’s war against civilians is not new—Nor will it work. The Hill.
Downes, A. B., & Cochran, K. M. (2010). Targeting civilians to win? Assessing the military effectiveness of civilian victimization in interstate war. In A. Lawrence & E. Chenoweth (Eds.), Rethinking violence: States and non-state actors in conflict (pp. 23–56). MIT Press.
Downes, A. B., & Cochran, K. M. (2018). It’s a crime, but is it a blunder? Investigating the military effectiveness of civilian victimization. In N. Foote & N. Williams (Eds.), Civilians and warfare in world history (pp. 288–312). Routledge.
Downes, A. B., & Greenhill, K. G., & Rangazas, R. (n.d.). Controlling hearts and minds: Population concentration in counterinsurgency operations. George Washington University.
Dube, O., & Vargas, J. F. (2013). Commodity price shocks and civil conflict: Evidence from Colombia. The Review of Economic Studies, 80(4[285]), 1384–1421.
Epstein, R. A., & Kaplan, O. (n.d.). Responsible policy engagement: A new imperative for scholars. University of Denver.
Evans, R. J. (2010). The Third Reich at war, 1939–1945. Penguin Books.
Fazal, T. M., & Greene, B. C. (2015). A particular difference: European identity and civilian targeting. British Journal of Political Science, 45(4), 829–851.
Feuer, A. (2023). Environmental warfare tactics in irregular conflicts. Perspectives on Politics, 21(2), 533–549.
Fortna, V. (2015). Do terrorists win? Rebels’ use of terrorism and civil war outcomes. International Organization, 69(3), 519–556.
Frank, R. B. (1999). Downfall: The end of the Imperial Japanese Empire. Random House.
Friedrich, J. (2006). The fire: The bombing of Germany, 1940-1945. Columbia University Press.
García-Ponce, O., Young, L. E., & Zeitzoff, T. (2023). Anger and support for retribution in Mexico’s drug war. Journal of Peace Research, 60(2), 274–290.
Gilbert, D. (2022). The logic of kidnapping in civil war: Evidence from Colombia. American Political Science Review, 116(4), 1226–1241.
Grebler, L., & Winkler, W. (1940). The cost of the World War to Germany and to Austria-Hungary. Yale University Press.
Grousset, R. (1970). The empire of the steppes: A history of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press.
Hack, K. (2021). The Malayan emergency: Revolution and counterinsurgency at the end of empire. Cambridge University Press.
Harff, B. (2003). No lessons learned from the Holocaust? Assessing risks of genocide and political mass murder since 1955. American Political Science Review, 97(1), 57–73.
Hasegawa, T. (2005). Racing the enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the surrender of Japan. Harvard University Press.
Hassner, R. (2022). Anatomy of torture. Cornell University Press.
Hoffman, B. (2006). Inside terrorism (2nd ed.). Columbia University Press.
Holman, B. (2012). “Bomb back, and bomb back hard”: Debating reprisals during the Blitz. Australian Journal of Politics & History, 58(3), 394–407.
Hoover-Green, A. (2018). The commander’s dilemma: Violence and restraint in wartime. Cornell University Press.
Horne, A. (1965). The fall of Paris: The siege and the commune, 1870–71. St. Martin’s Press.
Horowitz, M., & Reiter, D. (2001). When does aerial bombing work? Quantitative empirical tests, 1917–1999. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 45(2), 147–173.
Hultman, L. (2007). Battle losses and rebel violence: Raising the costs of fighting. Terrorism and Political Violence, 19, 205–222.
International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. (1993). The other Balkan wars. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Jackson, M., Beehner, L., & Berti, B. (2016, December 7). Modern siege warfare: How it is changing counterinsurgency. Foreign Affairs.
Jervis, R. (1989). The meaning of the nuclear revolution: Statecraft and the prospect of Armageddon. Cornell University Press.
Jo, H. (2015). Compliant rebels: Rebel groups and international law in world politics. Cambridge University Press.
Kalyvas, S. (2006). The logic of violence in civil war. Cambridge University Press.
Kalyvas, S., & Balcells, L. (2010). International system and technologies of rebellion: How the end of the Cold War shaped internal conflict. American Political Science Review, 104(3), 415–429.
Karsh, E. (1989). Lessons of the Iran–Iraq war. Orbis, 33(2), 209–223.
Kocher, M., & Kalyvas, S. (2007). How “free” is free riding in civil wars? Violence, insurgency, and the collective action problem. World Politics, 59(2), 177–216.
Kocher, M., Pepinsky, T., & Kalyvas, S. (2011). Aerial bombing and counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War. American Journal of Political Science, 55(2), 201–218.
Kramer, A. (2022, December 18). Overnight drone attacks target Kyiv and two other regions of Ukraine. New York Times.
Kranzberg, M. (1950). The siege of Paris, 1870–1871: A political and social history. Cornell University Press.
Kydd, A. H., & Walter, B. F. (2006). The strategies of terrorism. International Security, 31(1), 49–80.
Lichtenheld, A. G. (2020). Explaining population displacement strategies in civil wars: A cross-national analysis. International Organization, 74, 253–294.
Lyall, J. (2009). Does indiscriminate violence incite insurgent attacks? Evidence from Chechnya. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53(3), 331–362.
Lyall, J. (2019). Civilian casualties, humanitarian aid, and insurgent violence in civil wars. International Organization, 73(4), 901–926.
Lyall, J., Blair, G., & Imai, K. (2013). Explaining support for combatants during wartime: A survey experiment in Afghanistan. American Political Science Review, 107(4), 679–705.
Lynn, J. A. (2002). A brutal necessity? The devastation of the Palatinate, 1688–1689. In M. Grimsley & C. J. Rogers (Eds.), Civilians in the path of war (pp. 79–110). University of Nebraska Press.
Maeda, T. (2009). Strategic bombing of Chongqing by Imperial Japanese army and naval forces. In Y. Tanaka & M. B. Young (Eds.), Bombing civilians: A twentieth-century history (pp. 135–153). New Press.
Magaloni, B., Franco-Vivanco, E., & Melo, V. (2020). Killing in the slums: Social order, criminal governance, and police violence in Rio de Janeiro. American Political Science Review, 114(2), 552–572.
Magaloni, B., Robles, G., Matanock, A. M., Diaz-Cayeros, A., & Romero, V. (2020). Living in fear: The dynamics of extortion in Mexico’s drug war. Comparative Political Studies, 53(7), 1124–1174.
Manekin, D. (2020). Regular soldiers, irregular war: Violence and restraint in the Second Intifada. Cornell University Press.
Mason, T. D., & Krane, D. (1989). The political economy of death squads: Toward a theory of the impact of state-sanctioned terror. International Studies Quarterly, 33(2), 175–198.
McCarthy, J. (1995). Death and exile: The ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Darwin Press.
Melzer, N. (2009). Interpretive guidance on the notion of direct participation in hostilities under international humanitarian law. International Committee of the Red Cross.
Midlarsky, M. I. (2005). The killing trap: Genocide in the twentieth century. Cambridge University Press.
Milgram, S. (1975). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. Harper & Row.
Moghadam, A. (2008). The globalization of martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the diffusion of suicide attacks. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Morris, B. (2004). The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem revisited. Cambridge University Press.
Morrow, J. D. (2014). Order within anarchy: The laws of war as an international institution. Cambridge University Press.
Moyer, L. (1995). Victory must be ours: Germany in the Great War 1914–1918. Leo Cooper.
Naimark, N. (2001). Fires of hatred: Ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe. Harvard University Press.
Newton, C., & Tucker, C. (2022). The efficacy of airpower in counterinsurgency. Security Studies, 31(2), 218–250.
Offer, A. (1989). The First World War: An agrarian interpretation. Clarendon Press.
Overy, R. J. (2013). The bombers and the bombed: Allied air war over Europe, 1940–1945. Viking Penguin.
Pape, R. A. (1996). Bombing to win: Air power and coercion in war. Cornell University Press.
Pape, R. A. (2003). The strategic logic of suicide terrorism. American Political Science Review, 97(3), 343–361.
Pape, R. A. (2005). Dying to win: The strategic logic of suicide terrorism. Random House.
Pechenkina, A. O., Bausch, A. W., & Skinner, K. K. (2019). How do civilians attribute blame for state indiscriminate violence? Journal of Peace Research, 56(4), 545–558.
Petersen, R. D. (2002). Understanding ethnic violence: Fear, hatred, and resentment in twentieth-century Eastern Europe. Cambridge University Press.
Prawdin, M. (1940). The Mongol empire, its rise and legacy. G. Allen & Unwin.
Richardson, J. (1982). Paris under Siege: A Journal of the Events of 1870-1871 kept by Contemporaries and Translated and Presented by Joanna Richardson. Folio Society.
Rigterink, A. S. (2020). Diamonds, rebel’s and farmer’s best friend: Impact of variation in the price of a lootable, labor-intensive natural resource on the intensity of violent conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64(1), 90–126.
Rogers, C. J. (2002). By fire and sword: Bellum hostile and “civilians” in the Hundred Years’ War. In M. Grimsley & C. J. Rogers (Eds.), Civilians in the path of war (pp. 33–78). University of Nebraska Press.
Rozenas, A., Schutte, S., & Zhukov, Y. (2017). The political legacy of violence: The long-term impact of Stalin’s repression in Ukraine. Journal of Politics, 79(4), 1147–1161.
Ruiz, J. (2007). Defending the republic: The Garcia Atadell brigade in Madrid, 1936. Journal of Contemporary History, 42(1), 97–115.
Salehyan, I., Siroky, D., & Wood, R. M. (2014). External rebel sponsorship and civilian abuse: A principal-agent analysis of wartime atrocities. International Organization, 68(3), 633–661.
Sanín, F. G., & Wood, E. J. (2014). Ideology in civil war: Instrumental adoption and beyond. Journal of Peace Research, 51(2), 213–226.
Schelling, T. (1966). Arms and influence. Yale University Press.
Schirmer, J. G. (1998). The Guatemalan military project: A violence called democracy. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Schubiger, L. (2021). State violence and wartime civilian agency: Evidence from Peru. Journal of Politics, 83(4), 1383–1398.
Schutte, S. (2017). Violence and civilian loyalties: Evidence from Afghanistan. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(8), 1595–1625.
Schwartz, R. A., & Straus, S. (2018). What drives violence against civilians in civil war? Evidence from Guatemala’s conflict archives. Journal of Peace Research, 55(2), 222–235.
Shandroff, G. (1972). The evolution of area bombing in American doctrine and practice [Doctoral dissertation, New York University].
Shapiro, J. (2013). The terrorist’s dilemma: Managing violent covert organizations. Princeton University Press.
Shaver, A., & Shapiro, J. N. (2021). The effect of civilian casualties on wartime informing: Evidence from the Iraq War. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65(7–8), 1337–1377.
Sheline, A. (2023). Ending counterproductive U.S. involvement in Yemen. Quincy Institute.
Sick, G. (1989). Trial by error: Reflections on the Iran-Iraq War. Middle East Journal, 43(2), 230–245.
Silverman, D. (2020). Too late to apologize? Collateral damage, post-harm compensation, and insurgent violence in Iraq. International Organization, 74(4), 853–871.
Souleimanov, E. A., & Siroky, D. S. (2016). Random or retributive? Indiscriminate violence in the Chechen Wars. World Politics, 68(4), 677–712.
Souleimanov, E. A., Siroky, D. S., & Krause, P. (2022). Kin killing: Why governments target family members in insurgency, and when it works. Security Studies, 31(2), 183–217.
Stanton, J. A. (2016). Violence and restraint in civil war: Civilian targeting in the shadow of international law. Cambridge University Press.
Steele, A. (2017). Democracy and displacement in Colombia’s civil war. Cornell University Press.
Straus, S. (2006). The order of genocide: Race, power, and war in Rwanda. Cornell University Press.
Straus, S. (2012). Retreating from the brink: Theorizing mass violence and the dynamics of restraint. Perspectives on Politics, 10(2), 343–362.
Straus, S. (2015). Making and unmaking nations: War, leadership, and genocide in modern Africa. Cornell University Press.
Sullivan, C. M. (2012). Blood in the village: A local-level investigation of state massacres. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 29(4), 373–396.
Talmadge, C. (2015). The dictator’s army: Battlefield effectiveness in authoritarian regimes. Cornell University Press.
Tarrant, V. E. (1989). The U-boat offensive 1914–1945. Arms & Armor.
Terraine, J. (1989). The U-boat wars 1916–1945. G.P. Putnam’s Sons.
Thomas, H. (1961). The Spanish civil war. Harper & Brothers.
Thomas, J. (2014). Rewarding bad behavior: How governments respond to terrorism in civil war. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 804–818.
Thomas, W. (2006). Victory by duress: Civilian infrastructure as a target in air campaigns. Security Studies, 15(1), 1–33.
Valentino, B. A. (2004). Final solutions: Mass killing and genocide in the 20th century. Cornell University Press.
Valentino, B. A., Huth, P., & Croco, S. (2006). Covenants without the sword: International law and the protection of civilians in times of war. World Politics, 58, 339–377.
Vincent, C. P. (1985). The politics of hunger: The allied blockade of Germany, 1915–1919. Ohio University Press.
Walzer, M. (1977). Just and unjust wars: A moral argument with historical illustrations. Basic Books.
Weinstein, J. (2007). Inside rebellion: The politics of insurgent violence. Cambridge University Press.
Werrell, K. (1996). Blankets of fire: U.S. bombers over Japan during World War II. Smithsonian Institution.
Wiseberg, L. S. (1975). The statistics jungle: Measuring war, plague, famine, and fire. Society, 13(2), 53–60.
Wood, E. (2003). Insurgent collective action and civil war in El Salvador. Cambridge University Press.
Wood, R. M. (2010). Rebel capability and strategic violence against civilians. Journal of Peace Research, 47(5), 601–614.
Wood, R. M. (2014). Opportunities to kill or incentives for restraint? Rebel capabilities, the origins of support, and civilian victimization in civil war. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 31(5), 461–480.
Wood, R. M. (2016). Intrastate conflict and civilian victimization. In W. R. Thompson (Ed.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press.
Wood, R. M., & Kathman, J. (2014). Too much of a bad thing? Civilian victimization and bargaining in civil war. British Journal of Political Science, 44(3), 685–706.
Wood, R. M., & Kathman, J. (2015). Competing for the crown: Inter-rebel competition and civilian targeting in civil war. Political Research Quarterly, 68(1), 167–179.
Zhukov, Y. M. (2015). Population resettlement in war: Theory and evidence from Soviet archives. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(7), 1155–1185.
Zhukov, Y. M. (2017). External resources and indiscriminate violence: Evidence from German-occupied Belarus. World Politics, 69(1), 54–97.
Zhukov, Y. M. (2023). Repression works (just not in moderation). Comparative Political Studies, 56(11), 1663–1694.
Zimbardo, P. G. (2007). The Lucifer effect: Understanding how good people turn evil. Random House.
Civilian Victimization During Conflict (2024)
Top Articles
Pat Andrews — Blog 3 — Pfander Center
Cleopatra (1963 film) - Wikiquote
Dyrlegevakt og Veterinærvakt | Evidensia Dyrehelse
West Villages Animal Clinic
Craigslist Yard Sale Sebring Fl
Sixflags.team/Selfservice Ukg Login
The Latest Books, Reports, Videos, and Audiobooks - O'Reilly Media
Okmulgee Winter Snowstorm Auto Supplies
What is Commercial Cleaning and How Does It Help?
Commercial Cleaning Services - Businesses, Offices & More
Blue Book Values, Used Prices
ATV Blue Book - Values & Used Prices
Latest Posts
Article information
Author: Neely Ledner
Last Updated:
Views: 5640
Rating: 4.1 / 5 (62 voted)
Reviews: 85% of readers found this page helpful
Author information
Name: Neely Ledner
Birthday: 1998-06-09
Address: 443 Barrows Terrace, New Jodyberg, CO 57462-5329
Phone: +2433516856029
Job: Central Legal Facilitator
Hobby: Backpacking, Jogging, Magic, Driving, Macrame, Embroidery, Foraging
Introduction: My name is Neely Ledner, I am a bright, determined, beautiful, adventurous, adventurous, spotless, calm person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.